Features of Twentieth Century Literature Essay

20th century is the age of modernism in literature. 20th century’s literature follows differently from the 19th century literature, because of importance given to presentation of human consciousness and human psychology. As result new narrative techniques like impressionism and stream of consciousness has been introduced, the purpose of whom is to highlight human perception. Impressionism has been adopted by many writers, replacing realism. 20th century is an age of emphasis on inner reality, therefore psychoanalysis and human psychology is an important part of literature. Experience is given structural support by, motifs, myths, and parallel themes. Isolation and, loss of hope in humanity are one of the salient themes of modern literature. E. M. Forster, Joseph Conrad and James Joyce are three prominent writers of the twentieth century, who applied modern techniques and themes in their novels. Human consciousness is an important aspect of 20th century novel. Human, thoughts, feelings and stimulations are much important constituent of the century s fiction. In fact â€Å"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man† is like a little world of Stephen’s mind, which is a result of an evolutionary process. Ulysses can be called the story of thought life of Stephen and Morgan within one day. Stream of consciousness is an emergent technique of 20th century novel, employed to explain human thoughts, feelings and stimulations. Stream of consciousness describes the flow of thoughts and feelings in the mind without a sequence, in other words in natural order.. Used for the first time by William James, Joyce gives new meanings to it by using in his novels, A Portrait, Ulysses and Finnegan’s Wake . Joyce makes use of stream of consciousness technique In Ulysses Mr Prince dines alone in a restaurant . Joyce takes us to his mind journey; an internal monologue â€Å"here is the soup, the smoking soup. Be careful that the waiter does not splash me†¦ in’ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man† Stephen’s flow of thoughts is revealed when he meets a man besides the bridge. : it must be eleven he thought†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. as he turned away he heard a clock somewhere near him†¦ he laughed as he heard it as it made him think of Mac Cann†. Isolation is an evident theme of 20th century literature. Stephen in† A Portrait of The Artist as a Young Man †is detached from his world. Stephen is an individual who wants to break free from the barriers of nationalism, religion and society. Stephen is standing apart from his fellows and peers,†but he apart from them and in silence, remembered in what dread he stood†¦ † Experience gets a structural support in modern literature, through parallel themes and use of myths. Ulysses is written parallel to odyssey. A portrait of the artist as a young man has the myth of Daedulus employed in it. In the writing of English fiction, the narrative technique has shifted from realism to a new method of impressionism. The purpose of impressionism is to lay stress on human perception and knowledge. It began from the work of Walter Pater and Henry James to flourish in the hands of, James Joyce, among others. Impressionism is vivid in â€Å"A Portrait of the Artist as Young Man†. Joyce uses impressionism in the epiphanic moment of Stephen’s life when he comes to know that he cannot repress nature and therefore his natural inclinations†. She seemed like one whom magic had changed into the likeness of a strange and beautiful seabird.. :† Impressionism is also employed in Joseph Conrad’s †Heart of Darkness†, which is a journey from darkness to light for Marlowe. Therefore he perceives things, learns and gets knowledge by interpreting things around him. Conrad employs impressionism for this process. .†Near the same tree two more bundles of acute angles sat with their legs drawn up†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ his brother phantom rested his forehead†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. † Imperialism and colonization is one of the modern themes in 20th century English literature. A Passage to India and, Heart of Darkness throw light on manipulation by man when he is in power. Both works utilize Britain’s Age of Empire as a backdrop for the narratives and they explore British attitudes and behavior in the foreign locales of the imperial frontier. Ivory has a strong drive for white man and he does not leave any chance to get it. The action of each work takes place against the backdrop of Empire Heart of Darkness has the morbidity and pathos of modern literature, as it shows the gruesome face of mankind. Conrad has lack of hope in the modern man. Therefore Heart of Darkness raises important questions about the development of civilization. The civilized man plays havoc with the surroundings of the jungle, unchecked by rules and regulations. The developed society thus is held questionable. The white man plays a worse role than the barbaric who according to Marlowe’s observation probably don’t even know the concept of time. Heart of darkness is also a journey of self realization, both of Marlowe and Kurtz. Marlowe has a passion for maps since childhood. Maps lead towards new ways and help in exploration. Marlowe explores human self and the rotten truths of colonization during his journey up to the river to meet Kurtz. Heart of darkness has the perspective quality of 20th century literature. Conrad places the narrator inside the action of the story in order to remain impersonal. The narrator has an individual voice he interprets the things in his own way and thus we see a perspective of an individual. Conrad does not project any ideology or theory, but just scans the grim faces of mankind. A Passage to India by E. M. Forster is a novel on colonial rule and differences between the natives and British are revealed. It is a relationship between colonized and the colonizer. It discusses the modern problem of clash between cultures . It is a discourse on the cultural differences between two nations. In A Passage to India, the story of Adela Quested false accusation against the Indian Dr. Aziz ,that he attempted to rape her on an expedition to the Marabar Caves, becomes symbolic of the distortions of understanding and interpretation that can occur between cultures, and of the injustice that inevitably occurs when one people holds power over another . The passage to India is a discourse on the in understandable existence of man. It has the questions about the man’s existence which are the feature of 20th century literature. Marabar Caves themselves are an important symbol Their freezing regularity, hard to decipher echo that follows any sound made within them, come to represent the nullity of human action, the meaninglessness of existence. As in all 20th century literature the psychological effect of the colonization is clear in a passage to India. The British people cannot come out of the psychological influence that they are a much exotic race than the Orientals, where as the natives are hostile to them. As a result it ends up that with their given psychologies the two nations cannot unite. Ms Adela quested cannot stand the reality, the real India and her illusion becomes symbolic of the psychological crisis. Ms Moore undergoes a transformation as compared to other English men.

Coraline a Wizard of Earthsea the Sense of Self Essay

If you see a wallet on the ground and discover there is an enormous amount of money in it, what would you do? Do you think you’d return it, or possibly keep the money for yourself? How would you feel about it emotionally afterward? For the sake of an argument let us say you would keep the money. How would you then feel if someone you hate also had the same circumstance happen to them? Would you feel like them keeping the money would further prove why you dislike that person? Did you not also keep the money yourself? In the book Psychoanalysis Terry Eagleton states that â€Å"Lacan permits us to explore the relations between the unconscious and human society†¦ the unconscious is not some kind of†¦ private region ‘inside’ us, but an effect of our relations with one another†(Eagleton 150). The unconscious is part of your â€Å"self† and can be negative or positive; the negative side that we produce is part of our ego. Ego is defined as â€Å"the complex factor to which all conscious contents are related† the ego is only one half of a whole and that whole is the â€Å"self† (Jung 139). Our ego is broken into three sections and the section most apparent in this case is the shadow. The reason why your peer keeping the money creates resentment in you is because of the shadow, it is a part of you that you keep in your unconscious, a part you don’t like and when it is revealed to you through someone else you exchange the inward hatred and replace it with outward disdain for the person that has committed the act. Self is best described as the combination of your conscious and unconscious becoming one in a balanced state. In Coraline by Neil Gaimen and A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin the shadow becomes a physical thing, an actual entity. The genre itself, fantasy, has its own identity crisis which further adds to the lack of self in the novels. This should not make these stories any less real, the premise of both stories, of battling the shadow and overcoming the lack of identity to find the self is still a very real thing as explained by J.R.R. Tolkien â€Å"fairystories deal largely†¦ with simple or fundamental things, untouched by fantasy, but these simplicities are made all the more luminous by their setting† (Tolkien 20). The self being fragmented by not knowing one’s unconscious is a recurring theme in both stories. The shadow becoming and entity in the stories further explains the concept of your conscious latching on to an outward vessel to express disdain for. The conscious and unconscious meld together to form one’s identity, the conscious mind uses one’s life experiences and natural behavior as an identifier while the unconscious mind creates the ego and the shadow, both of which create the idea of self. In order to gain an identity you much overcome and accept your shadow as part of you, then and only then will you truly discover your â€Å"self†. In Coraline a lonely and ignored little girl is an only child of two, negligent, parents. She has just moved into a new house and while exploring her new home she finds a door which sometimes, and progressively more while the story continues, leads her into an alternate world where her desire for excitement is fulfilled. While in this world the narrator states, â€Å"There were all sorts of remarkable things in there she’d never seen before†¦ this is more like it, thought Coraline† (Gaimen 30). This is Coraline’s conscious self, her excitement, her explorer, the one that doesn’t mind a new world, a girl who accept the oddities just so that she can discover all of them herself. This world was created by the other mother, a witch, who at this point has not revealed herself to Coraline as a soul consuming entity. Her brand new home put up an image of perfection that clouded her judgment. These illusions created by the other mother make it harder for Coraline to discover herself because she is only seeing what the other mother is allowing her to see through the filter of Coraline’s conscious. Jung states that â€Å"The more projections are thrust in between the subject and the environment [the other world in Coraline’s case], the harder it is for the ego to see through its illusions† (Jung 147). Because of this, Coraline’s newly found freedom into the other world is nothing more than an attempt by the other mother to keep her in the dark while thinking she is in control. This false sense of security doesn’t allow for Coraline to discover her own self. The main plot point of the story is the more Coraline realizes she’s being held back and the more she feels her sense of self coming to fruition the more the illusions put in front of her begin to dwindle until the world is revealed to her for what it really is. Although it is the other mother’s world and she created it, it is the fact that Coraline hasn’t come to terms with her shadow or better yet hasn’t been forced to face it that allows her to succumb to the illusion, â€Å"it is an unconscious factor [the shadow] which spins the illusions that veil [the] world† (Jung 147). As Jung states here, the shadow, and this other world that has been created is her unconscious being warped through the eyes of the other mother, and her warped vision is the veil that the world hides beneath. Coraline’s conscious mind is her adventurous side â€Å"her first two weeks in the house [were spent] exploring the garden and the grounds† this is the basis of the other world, a place full of wonder and excitement, a place full of adventure (Gaimen 6). The shadow that Coraline must face is her fear. Coraline’s conversation with her guardian, the cat, is about her confusion of bravery and being naive. Coraline thinks that she is very brave without knowing what bravery actually is. She tells the story of her father who gets stung by a nest of hornet’s and in the process discovers true bravery, which she embodies as her father going back for his glasses, â€Å"it wasn’t brave because he wasn’t scared†¦ going back again to get his glasses, then he knew the wasp were there, when he was really scared. That was brave†¦ when you’re scared and you still do it anyway, that’s brave† (Gaimen 58-59). Once she goes through this point the world shifts for her, she sees everything for its eerie similarities of the real world but with a malicious twist. The final proof of the discovery of self in Coraline is the fact that once everything is said and done she goes back to her life exactly the way it was. Her parents still pay no mind to her and her life is just as dull now as it was when the story started but her perspective changed. She is no longer oppressed by her status because she defeats the other mother and overcomes her shadow, becoming whole. She is complete, by learning, understanding, and overcoming her unconscious she finds her â€Å"self†. The beginning of her journey is much the same as Ged in A Wizard of Earthsea, looking for her self and being too naive to find it. Ged is a boy who discovers his divine talent for witchcraft at an early age. From the moment that he saves his village from being decimated by savages he was told that he would be a great and powerful wizard by one of the great wizards, Ogion, â€Å"I send you one who will be greatest of the wizards of Gont† (Le Guin 48). This creates Ged’s conscious self, which is a hero complex, thinking that he can do whatever he wishes without consequence. Ged although very powerful is very arrogant and prideful, in an attempt to impress a women he learns to summon a dark spirit from the dead that almost kills him. He once again out of anger and pride summons the spirit of the dead in a competition of strength with a boy, jasper, one year his senior. The shadow is shown to him in many forms, these forms are of his character flaws, â€Å"Like a clot of black shadow, quick and hideous†¦ it was like a black beast, the size of a young child† the young child reflecting back on him when he first revealed himself to the darkness, while the beast is Ged’s vengeful personality taking shape (Le Guin 85). The shadow was born out of Ged’s arrogance, pride and narcissism. He constantly becomes angry at himself for not being stronger and as he succumbs to his anger the shadow becomes stronger, â€Å"it rankled at his heart he should die, spitted on a Kargish lance, while still a boy†¦ raged at his weakness, for he knew his strength† (Le Guin 11). His fear and his constant flaws give the shadow its strength putting those he knows in danger and further hiding his self from him. As Ged tries to run away for the last time the shadow manages to kill Ged’s pet. This is the last straw for Ged and he, as Coraline did, discovers his unconscious, his identity and seeks out to defeat the shadow. He begins to chase the shadow and becomes stronger from it, facing his inner demons and overcoming his fear. Ged learns of the connection he has with the shadow in order to defeat it, â€Å"it wills to work evil through you. The power you had to call it gives it power over you: you are connected. It is the shadow of your arrogance, the shadow of your ignorance, the shadow you cast. Has a shadow a name† (Le Guin)? By being told this and through all the trials Ged faces he becomes humble and learns his way through the barriers he has put up on his darkness. Through the hunt Ged finally realizes what the shadow is and even though it has his misguided qualities it has brought out the good qualities in him. Ged finally spoke the shadows name and the shadow repeated it, Ged and the shadow became one and Ged became one with his unconscious and becomes aware of his self, â€Å"I am whole, I am free† (Le Guin). Coraline and Ged went through hardships in order to become one. Coraline learned true bravery and defeated her other mother and though her life did not change she accept herself and her life for what it was. Ged through his hardship lost his arrogance, his pride, his ignorance and actually physically became one with his shadow. Through the hunt of their shadow they found themselves. They stopped running away from who they always were and just embraced and learned to become what they were trying to run away from. Coraline’s ignorance and Ged’s pride were defeated by the hunt for their unconscious. Their true enemy was themselves and the only thing that could defeat that was their new found sense of â€Å"self†.

Biography of Elie Wiesel

This book was published in France in 1958 as La Nuit (Night), translated into multiple languages, became the most famous in the history of the Holocaust, probably the most influential personal record. Elieie Wiesel's opposition to indifference was primarily due to him and his wife establishing one of the most authoritative organizations like the Elie Wiesel Humanitarian Foundation. It is wrong to go to various countries to talk about his beliefs and why it is done to human beings. Dawie by Elie Wiesel In this report, you will see a comparison of the life of the novel Dawn and its creator Elie Wiesel. If you understand the life of Elie Wiesel, these comparisons are very obvious. Elie Wiesel was born in Hungary on September 28, 1928. Wessel experienced many difficult times as a young age. In 1944, Wessel was banished from the Nazis and brought to concentration camps. His family was taken to the town of Auschwitz. Wiesel's father, mother, and older sister died at night by Elie Wiesel Ni ght is a memoir written by Elie Wiesel, a Jewish boy who talked about his experience during the Holocaust. His favorite activity is to learn the Talmud and spend time with his spiritual tutor Moshe the Beadle at the temple. When I was very young, Erie was simple and confident for God. But this belief will be tried when the Nazis took him from his town. That night started in 1941. At that time, Erie was 12 years old. growing up The book Night by Elie Wiesel is a reminiscence of the Holocaust about the author's experience during the Holocaust. Elie Wiesel was born in Sighet in Transylvania in 1928. A book named Night is said by a boy named Eliezer. Eliezer is the representative of the author. Elie Wiesel said that the story is not about his experience, but most of the events in the novel are based on the life of Elie Wiesel. Elie and Eliezer's experience has subtle differences. This novel starts with Zeek in Transylvania. The night of Elie Wiesel is an iconic book whose headline repre sents the pain, pain, and most important death witnessed by childhood experience in the concentration camp in Elie Wiesel. Elie Wiesel, born in Shige in Transylvania, is from the Jews and is very interested in traditional Jewish religious studies. The Wiesel family (related to his three sisters, mother and father) was eradicated at Siguet's house and brought to Auschwitz as part of the massacre. Eli separated from his mother and three sisters at the Auschwitz concentration camp, surviving in Auschwitz, Buna, Buchenwald, Gleevitz.

Spanish new paper article. Selling Mansion. 1 page or less Essay

Spanish new paper article. Selling Mansion. 1 page or less - Essay Example Las habitaciones està ¡n equipadas con muebles antiguos. Todas tienen chimeneas, armarios, cama, burà ³ con su silla, gaveteros, dos mesitas de noche, una silla de noche, là ¡mparas, espejos, televisià ³n, radio, cuadros, y plantas. Los tres servicios sanitarios està ¡n ubicados en cada piso de las habitaciones, son dos habitaciones por piso y el medio servicio sanitario ubicado en el sà ³tano. Los tres servicios sanitarios tienen su ducha, baà ±eras con jacuzzi, lavamanos, bacineta, espejos de pared, y armario. La cocina es amplia, tiene una amplia mesa en el centro de la cocina, tiene estufa, nevera de dos puertas verticales y una de ellas es el congelador, està ¡ equipada con platos, vasos, copas, utensilios, sartenes, cacerolas, tostadora, micro-ondas, batidora y plantas. La sala tiene su sofà ¡, sillas, mesa en el centro de forma rectangular, mesitas a los extremos del sofà ¡ y al lado de las sillas, là ¡mparas en cada mesa, là ¡mpara cristal colgada del techo, una chimenea, cuadros y plantas. El comedor tiene su mesa para sentar doce personas, un chinero, cuadros y plantas. El salà ³n de juegos tiene un billar, mesa para juegos de mesa para seis personas, una computadora y sus accesorios, sofà ¡ y sillas. El à ¡tico se usa para guardar artà ­culos. El sà ³tano lo ocupa la lavanderà ­a con una mà ¡quina de lavar, una secadora, un lavadero, y un colgadero. El cuarto de servicio de la servidumbre està ¡ en el sà ³tano y tiene su cama, mesitas de noche, gavetero, là ¡mparas, televisià ³n, radio, cuadros y

Dark Ages in the Western Europe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Dark Ages in the Western Europe - Essay Example There were constant battles amongst Lords from all over Europe. (Paul B. Newman 121-124). This was as a result of Rome having been in power for a very long period of time, that is, 700 years. The emperor was the ruler of everything. This is what stimulated individuals to wage war in a bid of rising to power and land acquisition. The fighting had various adverse effects among them being destruction of the resources and stagnation of the cultural growth. In addition to this, it is inevitable in any fighting, there were lots of lives of innocent individuals that were lost in battle as the Lords fought with each other to quench their thirst and hunger for power and land. This resulted in children losing their parents, husband losing their wives and vice-versa and so forth. As a result of the lives lost, there was a decrease in the population which in turn led to economic depression. This is because the merchants and traders had reduced number of people that would buy their goods. This le d to the accumulation of their products hence resulting in merchants and other traders operating at a loss.Another issue was to do with reduced attention given to buildings in terms of expansion and architectural development (Morris Berman pg 14-15). It is until the 8th century that there arose a renewed interest in the Romanesque architecture.In terms of technology, despite of the notable positive impacts that come with it, there was retarded development. There was insignificant contribution by scientists

Immigration And The Uk Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immigration And The Uk Economy - Essay Example The only requirement one must have so that they can enjoy the jobseekers allowance is that one must be living in the UK, the Channel Islands, the Isle of Man or the Republic of Ireland for three months immediately before making a claim for Jobseeker’s allowance (Ciupijus, 2011). Considering this, more than 30,000 people from Slovakia, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Lithuania claim unemployment benefits in the UK, the research revealed. After a person satisfies the test in the UK, then that person can claim Jobseekers Allowance of up to  £ 72.41 ($116) weekly for a single person,  £113.70 for a couple (Hatton & Tani, 2005). The immigrant ends up costing the British taxpayers  £5B a year in tax credits. New figures show almost  £100 million a week is spent on the 415,000 people and cases of unemployed immigrants. Accordingly, there are foreign nationals who work in Britain who are benefitting from the payments a new analysis has revealed. We also have unemployment as anoth er effect of immigration as stipulated above herein. High unemployment rates Most of the immigrants who go to the UK have low skills or professional training while others are skilled (Freeman, 2015). Those that are skilled end up taking jobs of the UK natives who would have taken the jobs but due to lower skills or professional training they were avoided for the jobs. The semi-skilled immigrants are also willing to work at a much lesser pay as compared to their counterparts (Dustmann, Frattini & Preston, 2013).

Econometrics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Econometrics - Speech or Presentation Example On the other hand, democratically elected governments due to the aspect of resource distribution may end up distributing among the various interested parties and fail to invest in road network or may have the need to transfer the burden to future governments. To get the motivation for the study, the author refers mostly to what other writers have said about the subject matter. Literature review forms a good foundation for any scientific paper if it is to acquire the required scientific rigor. Further, citations are a confidence boosting phenomena employed to capture the reader’s attention rather than appearing like a one man show which may not have much influence once the results/findings are made ready. The use of data from authoritative sources like the UN is another technique of motivating the hypothesis for the study. Research done shows that using information from a source which is often seen as an authority is important for any research study. From equation 1, ‘P’ is the share of the paved roads in poor condition, ‘Dem’ is an index of democracy for any country while ‘X’ are the other variables (additional explanatory variables) which may be of affect the road quality in a certain country. The share of the paved roads in poor condition is the dependent variable while democratic index and X are the independent variables. The share of the paved roads in poor condition is determined by how the country is democratically and other variables which include temperatures, growth etc. The coefficient ÃŽ ³ shows the amount of chance anticipated on the share of the paved roads in poor condition once a country’s democratic index increases or decreases by a unit. The coefficient can either be a negative or positive depending on the data. Î’ shows the impact of any other factor holding all the other factors constant. The coefficient of determination, R-squared show the

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative Essay

Evaluate the general differences between quantitative and qualitative methodologies. What are the advantages when employing them in combination - Essay Example Therefore, it can be seen that the methodologies of social research have a profound effect on the theories and inferences later formulated. This paper evaluates the differences in the two broad categories of data collection approaches, quantitative and qualitative, and discusses how using them together might benefit social research. Quantitative Method: the method of data collection that is more popular and deemed more reliable as compared to other methods in scientific circles is that of quantitative collection and evaluation of social data (Social Research Methods 2006). As the name suggests, it is concerned with quantifying (Wikipedia 2008) the information that has to be collected. In this method, the pertinent social issue is regarded as distinct from the society and the premises in which it is originally carried out (Wikipedia 2008), the positivist technique, (Wikipedia 2008) and viewed as a problem complete unto itself that is unaffected by its environment. Consequently, the variables (Weinreich Communications 2006)_ that is, the factors that exist outside of the problem-system that might have a role to play in the issue_ to be considered are lessened quite significantly (Wikipedia 2008), and the issue is dealt with more like a closed system. For the same purpose, the researcher is required to be objectiv e (Weinreich Communications 2006), meaning that his or her own experiences, thoughts or affiliations should not interfere with the way the problem is viewed and handled. As the purpose is to quantify the information, a large amount of data is required to be collected, meaning that the number of cases are quite large whereas the variables considered are less (Wikipedia 2008). This, combined with the fact that the researcher is supposed to be objective makes this method of data collection very reliable (Lecture Notes 2007), as the same results can be produced over and over again regardless of the place of study or the person conducting the research (Weinreich Communications 2006). A large amount of data and theories worked out, henceforth, means that the approach is deductive (Lecture Notes 2007), as a general concept is worked out from specific nature of data. In fact, quantitative method is extremely apt at and useful for generalisations, and it is for this reason that it is widely used as a tool in policy and decision making practices (Social Research Methods 2006). Another reason for this is that the ontology for this method is realist; it concentr ates on developing universal laws and principles (Lecture Notes 2007) based heavily on numeric (Lecture Notes 2007) and scientific data that is collected systematically and is processed in a way that it becomes scientifically reliable and viable for realist approach. The different methods of data

6340 week 1 posts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

6340 week 1 posts - Assignment Example The questions you have raised shed are amazing because you bring out an aspect of research and teaching experience of the faculty that are existing which have not been discussed by others and none of the advertisements I have encountered mention any of that. I however wonder if you would explain why there is need to know the experience of the existing faculty and what relevance that information has on the roles of the nurse educator (OShea, 2002). I also think a secondary research will provide some of that information. The first job’s requirement of employing a US citizen is not only limiting but also prejudicial because US is composed of many nationalities some of whom are more educated and qualified and I have an experience of that. In addition to the questions about accreditation of the institution, the accreditation of the nurse educator who will be employed there may be questioned later by future employees and hence should be a point of concern for the applicants (National League for Nursing Certification Governance Committee, 2005). Further information especially about accreditation can be obtained from websites of higher education in that

La Grande Odalisque Essay Example for Free

La Grande Odalisque Essay Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was born on August 28th, 1780. He became one of Jacques-Louis David’s most famous and successful students. During Ingres time working with David, and eventually turning away from him, he became a part of the Neo-Classicism movement; leaving behind, but not forgetting the Romanticism methods. Neo-Classicism is the 18th century restoration of tradition principles which lead Ingres to be one of the most famous draftsmen. Ingres was an extremely precise and talented man of his time and was most famous for his portraits; especially his portraits of female nudes. In the year 1814, Ingres created one of his most famed masterpieces, La Grande Odalisque. It was created in Paris and still remains there in the museum by the name of The Musà ©e du Loure. The painting is well-known for its subject of fantasy and eroticism; she was a passive, mysterious and an unknown being to the Western world, which made her audience long for answers. Throughout Ingres life he created many pieces of work. In his well ahead years, Ingres continued to paint and surprise his faultfinders. He eventually ended up on top, being viewed as â€Å"one of the greatest living artists in France† during that time. (Rifkin 15) He left behind many fans but no apprentices to carry on the Neoclassicism heritage. Ingres painted many historical, mythological, and religious subjects; however, he is probably most respected for his portraits and female nudes. Ingress style highlights skilful formations, along with smoothly painted surfaces, and very thorough drawings. â€Å"In 1814, he created one of his many famous masterpieces, Grande Odalisque. It is 91 cm in height and 162 cm in length (35.8 Ãâ€" 63.8 in).† (Peirce 50) It is an oil painting on canvas, with a subject of make-believe and sexuality. The painting was commissioned by Queen Caroline Murat of Naples, Napoleon’s sister. It was painted in the Neoclassicism movement in P aris, along with many of his other works. This one in particular is of a nude female, who transpires to be an odalisque. â€Å"An odalisque was a female slave in an Ottoman seraglio, especially the Imperial Harem of the sultan.† (Peirce 54) La Grande Odalisque was formed by Ingres using some of David’s ideas and creating a female nude, in a bizarre and unfamiliar way. To the Western world she was nothing like they’d ever seen before, which caused confusion but a desire to want to know everything about her; â€Å"In the mind of an early 19th century French male viewer, the sort of person for whom this image was made, the odalisque would have conjured up not just a harem slave, itself a misconception, but a set forth fears and desires.† (Shelton 75) This was mainly because of the way in which Europe considered Islamic Asia; they viewed the people there as unique, barren and careless. To observers she was located in an almost make-believe world, much like how Western culture viewed the Eastern side o f the world; fantasized. At the time it was ignominious for its physical wrongness; in specific, â€Å"the nude female was thought to have three lumbar vertebrae too many†. (Shelton 78) It was an opinion stressed by art critics, but was never challenged or proven. When it had finally been studied, they found something out of the regular, â€Å"we measured the length of the back and of the pelvis in human models, expressed the mean values in terms of head height, and transferred them to the painting.† (Peirce 81) The falsification was found to be greater than what had been presumed originally; â€Å"La Grande Odalisque had five, rather than three, further lumbar vertebrae†(Peirce 81). Basically, she is structurally impossible; her pose is one that would be impossible to mimic. Since Ingres combined rationality and realism into his paintings some critics believe the deformation may perhaps exist on purpose and stand for an emotional motive. The way in which the woman’s head is placed and how it the distance it is away from her pelvis suggests, â€Å"the artist may have been marking the gulf between her thoughts and her social role† (Shelton 79) The face of the woman is where the observer’s eyes are drawn. Her expression is secluded, care-free and mysterious; giving her an almost secret filled feel about her. Her role as a harem is not to think of feeling; she is there only for the purpose of pleasure. â€Å"This theme is consistent with the role of women in the nineteenth-century views on female gender roles public women, i.e., prostitutes, fulfilled a vitally important social role as repositories of male sexual desire.† (Siegfried, Rifkin, Willey 34) Her gaze pulls viewers into her unknown world; captures and traps. The main reason for her existence is to wait upon a man, but not just any man; her husband. With knowing that her husband is the only man to ever see her in this state, the viewer is pulled in and knowing they will never be able to experience her, â€Å"she was part of the sultan harem, she was there to satisfy the carnal pleasures of the sultan, despise what she may feel or want. She reflects a woman ´s deep thoughts, complex emotions and feelings.†(Peirce 48) Her gaze tortures the viewer into looking and makes it difficult to look away. This piece is full of sensuality, mystery and romanticism. The woman is surrounded by a dark background; black with many different shades of blue. Her and her body are really the only aspect of the painting holding any light colours. With this, she stand out to the viewer; making her more striking than ever. Even with her imperfections she is blessed with flawless skin, shoulders, legs, arms and hands. The items nearby her, the peacock fan, the turban, and the pearls suggest an unfamiliar place; an exotic place. At her feet lies a hookah, which may come to the viewers as a shock; it’s not for tobacco but rather opium. The harem may come off to observers as irrational, passive and drugged, which creates more desire to know what she’s about. Is she offering it, or is she just high? That is a question that will never be answered, a question that keeps the viewers’ attention. La Grande Odalisque is what Western society believes a harem would look like. She is of the unknown but in a way that it becomes familiar. Since this is what the Western part of the world imagines and fantasizes about Islamic Asia, it makes them believe they are superior to what’s in front of them. Ingres conveyed his subject of wants and desires by painting La Grande Odalisque, and having the Western part of the world view it; you want what you can’t have. That is one way in looking at it, another is: â€Å"Some art historians have suggested that colonial politics also played a role.† (Shelton 81) Either way, Ingres combined what was happening to the world around him, two places so unfamiliar colliding together, with what the Western world wanted to see; what is actually happening is a completely different story than what one wants to believe is happening. La Grande Odalisque is recognized for its subject of desire for the unknown; her gaze, her pose, and the inferior, yet exotic, items surrounding her are what makes her so incredible to what people consider the norm. She has deficiencies but her overall appearance is perfect; she is nothing like her observers, which makes her that much more wanted; it’s a conflict between La Grande Odalisque and the viewer. Society, even today, is scared of the unfamiliar. We take situations, events and even the little parts in life that we are unsure of and turn it into something that can be confronted, even if it’s not reality; it’s what human beings do to feel safe from what we consider the abnormal. What makes this painting so unique is that people critique the way in which viewers see her, instead of the way she sees us; she is an unacquainted with us, as we are with her.

Profiling Genome of Tibetan Chicken

Profiling Genome of Tibetan Chicken Profiling the genome-wide DNAmethylation pattern of Tibetan chicken  using whole genome bisulfite sequencing Abstract Background: Tibetan chickens living at high altitudes show specific adaptations to high-altitude conditions, but the epigenetic modification bases of these adaptations havent been characterized. Results: We investigated the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken blood using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS). Generally, Tibetan chicken exhibited analogous methylation pattern with that of lowland chiken. A total of 3.92% of genomic cytosines were methylcytosines, and 51.22% of cytosines in CG contexts were methylated which was less than those in lowland chicken (55.69%). Moreover, the base next to methylcytosine of mCHG in Tibetan chicken had a preference for T, which was different from that in lowland chicken. In Tibetan chicken, the methylation levels in the promoter were relatively low, while the gene body maintained hypomethylated. DNA methylation levels in upstream regions of the transcription start site (TSS) of geneshad a negative relationship with the gene expression level, and the DNA methylation of gene-body were also negatively related to gene expression. Conclusions: We firstly generated the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken, and our results will be helpful for future epigenetic studies in adaptations to high-altitude conditions and provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of mountain sickness and other hypoxia-related diseases to human. Keywords: Epigenetics, DNA methylation, MethylC-Seq, highland chicken, adaptation, extreme environment.   Ã‚   Background DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification that plays a vital role in genomic imprinting [1], transcriptional repression [2], and chromatin activation [3]. In recent years, we have gained knowledge on the association of DNA methylation with cellular differentiation, development, and disease, however, little information is available concerning the DNA methylation modifications under long-term extreme environment. Environmental aspects influence through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms [4, 5]. Several studies have tried to establish the relationship between environmental factors and DNA methylation in humans. It was reported that reduced global DNA methylation in whole blood was related to exposure to ambient air pollution at the home addresses of non adults [6]. In malignant cells, airborne benzene induce a significant decrease in the methylation of LINE-1 and AluI, and increasing airborne benzene levels can cause hypermethylation in p15 and hypomethylation in MAGE-1 [7]. The average level of methylation in p16 was increased in patients with benzene poisoning compared with control group, while no alternation was observed in the p15 methylation [8]. Korea et al. revealed that most organochlorine (OC) pesticides were inversely and significantly related to the methylation of Alu [9]. In the prenatal pregnant women, lead exposure was inversely related to genomic DNA methylation in white blo od cells [10]. Moreover, base on the epigenetic inheritance mechanisms, adaptive traits that result from the environment can be transferred to the next generation. For instance, environment containing endocrine-disrupting chemicals can affect the germ line and promote disease across offspring via DNA methylation [11]. Above researchs shows that environmental conditions could induce DNA methylation alternation to to influence disease, prompting us to explore whether DNA methylation is associated with the unique adaptations of farm animals to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments. The Tibetan chicken which lives in high-altitude environment has smaller body, lower heart rate, higher spleen rate and erythrocyte volum than low-altitude chicken. Previous research showed that humans relocating to high-altitudes might undergo acute mountain sickness, high-altitude pulmonary edema, and high-altitude cerebral edema [12]. Whereas, the Tibetan chicken is greatly adapted to the low-oxygen and high-altitude environment and displays good performance in terms of survival and has high reproduction [13]. Therefore, investigation the genome-wide DNA methylation of Tibetan chicken, understanding the effects of DNA methylation on the plateau adaptability, may provide a new idea for the prevention and treatment of mountain sickness and other hypoxia-related diseases to human. In this study, we perform whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) on Tibetan chicken blood to analyze their global DNA methylation patterns. The DNA methylome distribution in the Tibetan chicken genome was shown for the first time. Our results will provided an important resource for exploring low-oxygen adaptation mechanism in high-altitude district. Methods Animals In this study, one Tibetan chicken was obtained from Xiangcheng County in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture with the living place about 3500 meters above sea level. Blood samples were collected and stored at -20  °C for bisulfite sequencing. Total genomic DNA was collected from the blood with the use of a TIANamp Genomic DNA Kit (Tiangen, Beijing, China). All experiments in this study were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, and were approved by the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province. MethylC-Seq library construction and sequencing DNA was fragmented by sonication with a Sonicator (Sonics Materials) to a mean size of approxi ­mately 250 bp, followed by blunt ending, 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ²-end addition of dA, and adapter ligation, in which Illumina methylated adapters were used according to the manufacturers instructions (Illumina). The bisulfite conversion of Tibetan chicken DNA was carried out using ZYMO EZ DNA Methylation-Gold kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, CA, USA) and ampli ­fied via PCR with 12 cycles. Ultra-high-throughput pair-end sequencing was performed by the Illumina Genetic Analyzer (GA2) on the basis of manufacturer instructions. Raw GA sequencing data were processed using Illumina base-calling pipeline (SolexaPipeline-1.0). Data Filtering Data filtering was performed via the elimination of the adaptor sequences, contamination and low-quality reads from raw reads. Low-quality reads consist of three types including: 1) Contain adaptor sequence; 2) N base number over 10%; 3) The number of base whose quality less than 20 over 10% was trimmed, and the read which accord with one of them will be removed. Only cleaned data were used for the downstream analyses. Reads Alignment On the forward read of each read pair, observed cytosines were replaced with replaced with adenines, and the observed guanines were replaced with adenines on the reverse read of each read pair. The alignment form reads were then mapped to the alignment form gallus_gallus reference genome by SOAP aligner[14]. Each hit with a single placement with a minimum number of mismatches and and a clear operation chain was defined as unambiguous alignment (uniquely mapped reads) and was used for ascertainment of methyl-cytosine. The copy numbers of the local region was estimateed by calculating the the uniquely mapped reads. Estimating methylation levels Methylation level was determined by dividing the number of reads covering each mC by the total reads covering that cytosine, which was also equal the mC/C ratio at each reference cytosine. The function is showed as following: Methylation level = 100 * GO enrichment Analysis GO annotations of Tibetan chicken genes were downloaded from the Ensembl (ftp://ensembl.org/pub/current/otherdata/Gene_ontology/gallus_gallus_glean_gene.go). GO comparative analyses between inter ­ested genes groups were performed using BGI WEGO (http://wego.genomics.org.cn/cgi-bin/wego/index.pl). KEGG Pathway Analysis Different genes usually interact with each other to exercise their biological functions. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomesà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã‹â€ KEGGà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °is the main public pathway database. Super geometry analyses were conducted to find the KEGG pathways enriched in genes differentially methylated compared to the whole genome. The calculation formula is the same as that in GO function analyses, N represents number of genes with pathway annotation; For the number, n is the number of differentially expressed genes corresponding N, M represents number of all genes which have a particular pathway annotation; m represents numbers of differentially expressed genes which have a particular pathway annotation. Pathway mapped Q value à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.05 defined as the pathway of significant enrichment. Through significant enrichment of the pathway, we can determine the most main in biochemical pathways and signal transduction pathways. Results       Global mapping of DNA methylation In the present study, blood samples from a Tibetan chicken were used to generate three libraries for genome-wide methylation sequencing. All libraries showed nearly complete bisulfite conversion (99.7%). A total of 41.3 Gb raw data were obtained from three blood samples. After data filtering, 151,345,614, 165,745,108 and 141,554,972 clean reads were generated for the three libraries, respectively. Of the total reads, 75.6% were mapped to the reference genome, with 28 X Whole-genome average coverage depth, which could reveal the data quantity of clean data because of the characteristics of bisulfite sequencing (Table 1 and 2). Cytosine patterns have 3 major types (CG, CHG and CHH, H represents non-G base, hereinafter inclusive) according to the sequence context. Therefore, we analyzed the relationships between effective sequencing depth and genome coverage for different cytosine patterns (Figure S1, S2). Figure S1 reveals that there is a negative correlation between the effective sequencing depth and the percentage of cytosine in genome. The Figure S2 shows that the distribution of genome coverage varies with sequencing depth accord with the Poisson distribution, and the depth of the distribution`s apex is near to the genome average sequencing depth. In additon, we performed effective coverage analysis base on three different levels: chromosome, gene region and genomic feature. The effective coverage of all cytosine in each chromosome ranges from 82.77% to 97.86%, except for 24.96% in chr17 , while the CpG effective coverage of each chromosome ranges from 86.74% to 97.5%, except for 23.58% in chr17 (Table S1). Moreover,coverage of all cytosine in CDS and intron region was 95.94% and 93.66%, respectivelyà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ and CG coverage in CDS and intron region was 96.04% and 93.45%, respectively (Table S2). DNA methylation patterns In Tibetan chicken, the methylation level of all genomic C sites was more than 3.9%. Patterns of Cytosine methylation in Tibetan chicken were found to have three major types (mCG, mCHG and mCHH) according to the sequence context. We discovered overall genome-wide levels of 51.22% CG, 0.4% CHG, and 0.45% CHH methylation in the Tibetan chicken (Table 3). In whole genome, the CG methylation occupied over 96% of cytosine methylation, which is the primary cytosine methylation pattern. However, the rate of mCHH was only 3% and the rate of mCHG was 1%(Fig. 1A). Methylation status of CG, CHG and CHH differ between species, even varies with different conditions concerning time, space and physiology within a single organism. Figure 1b showed that percentage of the methylation level of methyl-cytosine varies with methylation level. In the tibet chicken blood, more than 75 % of mCG sites were 60-100 % methylated (Fig. 1b). In addition, chromosome1 was used as an instance to illuminate the methyl-cytosine density distribution in chromosome, and the methyl-cytosine density showed large variations throughout the chromosome 1, which was similar to other chromosomes (Fig. 1c) Proximal Sequence Features Analysis To identify whether the particular local sequences were markedly enriched as the DNA methylome of Arabidopsis, we analyzed the sequence adjacent to sites of CG and non-CG methylation. The methylation ratios of all potential 9-mer sequences were calculated, and the methylated cytosine was located at the fourth position in these sequences (permitting an analysis of three bases upstream of CHG, and CHH methylation). As shown in figure 2, hardly a sequence preference was found in the CG-flanking regions of the hole genome or in the mCG-flanking regions. Moreover, the highest frequency base that next to the CHG cytosine in genome was A, followed by T and C, while the base following the mCHG methylcytosine has a preference for T, followed by A and C. In CHH context, the fifth position that proximal to the sites of cytosine has a preference for C, and the sixth position prefer to T, which is similar to the mCHH(Fig. 2). DNA methylation levels of different functional regions Different genomic features are associated with distinct regulation functions. To study the DNA methylation profile in different genomic features, the heat map was used to present the distribution of methylation level in the CDS, downstream, Genome, intron and upstream (fig. 3). The comparative analysis of mean DNA methylation levels revealed that different gennome regions showed distinguishing DNA methylation levels. Additionally, we analyzed DNA methylation patterns across the transcriptional units at whole genome level. In Tibet chicken, most of the promoter regions have an association with CpG islands and are hypomethylated, which showed a lower CG methylation level than the gene-body and the gene downstream. Moreover, methylation of CG declined sharply before the TSS and increased markedly towards the gene body regions and stayed at a plateau until the 3 end of the gene body, and two obvious peaks were present in the regions of the internol exon and the last exon (Fig. 3). The me thylation of CHG had the same varying tendency with the methylation of CG, but was characterised by mitigatory changes compared to the rapid changes of CG methylation. Furthermore, the methylation peaks of both CG and CHG were presented in the internal and last exons in which the methylation lows of CHH appeared. DNA methylation levels ofpromoter and genebody Methylation of the promoter suppresses gene expression, but the functional role of gene-body DNA methylation in highly expressed genes has yet to be clarified. To better characterise the methylation of promoter and gene-body, a comprehensive analysis of methylated genes and unmethylated genes in gene-body and upstream2k was performed. In total, 14,018 genes were methylated in both promoter and gene-body, while 505 genes were exclusively methylated in promoter and 409 genes were exclusively methylated in gene-body, and 231 genes unmethylated in both promoter and gene-body (fig. 4A). Gene ontology analysis of methylated and unmethylated genes revealed the top-ranked enriched GO terms were related to the cellular process, metabolic process, and response to stimulus in the biological process (BP) category. The cellular component (CC) category mainly comprised genes involved in cell, cell part, and organelle. Within the molecular function (MF) category, binding, catalytic activity, and tr ansporter activity were highly represented (fig. 4B and 3S). In addition, KEGG analysis showed that genebody methylation genes were clustered in the metabolic pathways, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, and calcium signaling pathway, while the genebody unmethylation genes were clustered in metabolic pathways, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, and endocytosis. Moreover, promoter methylation genes were most involved in ubiquitin mediated proteolysis, oocyte meiosis, and melanoma, while , promoter unmethylation genes were most involved in N-Glycan biosynthesis, Glycosylphosphatidylinositol(GPI)-anchor biosynthesis, and Fat digestion and absorption (fig. 5). DNA methylation and gene expression level DNA methylation of promoter generally suppress gene transcription via inducing a compact chromatin structure. We obtained the gene expression profiles of Tibetan chicken from the GEO database. Based on expression levels, all genes were divided into ten groups, from the lowest 10% and to the highest 10%. Furthermore, the genomic regions that 2 kb upstream of the TSS were defined as the proximal promoter, and used the mean methylation as the methylation level of each group. The correlation analysis showed that gene expression level was negatively related to the mean DNA methylation level of the promoter regions (fig. 6A; r=-0.93, pshowed little difference in these ten groups with different expression level (fig. 6B; r=-0.83, p Discussion Genomics technologies have been extensively used to investigate the adaptations of humans, animals and plants to extreme conditions [15, 16]. However, the relationships between the adaptions and the epigenetic modifications that result from extreme environmental exposures remains to be further elucidated. To date, the methylation pattern of Tibetan chicken remains unknown. To improve our understanding of the association between epigenetic modifications andadaptations to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments, we analyzed whole-genome single-base resolution DNA methylomes by WGBS to provide the genomewide DNA methylation patterns in Tibetan chicken blood and interrogate the potential role of DNA methylation in adaptations to high-altitude environments. Genome-wide DNA methylations of lowland chickens have been researched using MeDIP-seq [17, 18], MBD-Seq [19], and Methyl-MAPS [20], which measure methylation base on immunoprecipitation and restriction enzyme digestion. Compared to WGBS, these technologies generate lower resolution and coverage, and fail to obtain methylation level for CHG and CHH. For example, Only 32 % of CpG coverage was obtained from the study of lowland chicken using Methyl-MAPS [20]. In the other lowland chicken study, the CpG coverage ranges from 83.72 to 91.57 % using MethylC-seq [21]. In the current study, the CpG effective coverage of each chromosome ranges from 86.74% to 97.5%, except for 23.58% CpG coverage of chr17 in Tibet chicken. In lowland chicken, more than 55.69% of cytosines in CG contexts were methylated which is much higher than those in Tibet chicken (51.22%), while the percentage of mCHG and mCHH in Tibet chicken was higher than those in lowland chicken. In addition, 96.24 %, 0.86 % and 2.89 % of all methylcytosines were present in the CG CHG and CHH context, respectively, while the CG methylation in Tibet chicken occupied only 96% of cytosine methylation. Moreover, the base next to methylcytosine of mCHG in lowland chicken had a preference for A, while that in highland chicken prefer to T. All these indicated that the highland environments decrease the global CG methylation levels of chicken, and change the sequence context preferences for methylation, suggesting that the methylation involve in the adaptations of chicken to high-altitude environments. In Tibetan chicken genome, the DNA methylation level rapidly down before the TSS and markedly increased towards the gene body regions and stayed at a plateau until the 3 end of the gene body. These methylation features discovered in this study consistently match with those previously reported in bovine placentas [22]. Similar to the lowland chickengenome, the Tibetan chicken genome has two CG methylation peaks in the internal and last exons, but the difference is that the lowland chicken genome showed a mitigatory methylation level in the genome regions before the TSS [21], suggesting that the long-term hypoxia and UV radiation under high-altitude conditions cause methylation alternation. The promoter plays a crucial role in the regulation of gene transcription and most of the promoter regions are hypomethylated [23], while the gene-body DNA methylation is associated with chromatin structure and elongation efficiency, and prevents spurious transcription initiation [24, 25]. In present study, we found the promoter is hypomethylated, whereas the methylation level in gene-body is relatively high, a finding that is similar to those from previously reported in human [26] and lowland chicken [17]. Hypermethylation of the promoters represses gene transcription [27], and the reduction of methylation at the promoters causes gene overexpression [28]. In human embryonic stem cells, Laurent et al. reported that 20% of the most highly expressed genes displayed the lowest methylation levels in promoter. We analyse the relationship between the methylation and the expression inTibetan chicken, using the method reported in previous studies [17]. Similar to reports in humans [17, 29, 3 0] and lowland chicken [5], DNA methylation level in 2 kb upstream of genes is negatively related to the gene expression level in Tibetan chicken, this was further evidence that DNA methylation at the promoters is involved in gene silencing. Methylation in gene-body is more prevalent than in promoter, but the role of gene-body methylation in gene regulation remains unclear. Previous researchs showed that gene-body methylation has an intricate correlation with expression level. Most researchers believed that the methylation of gene-body is positively correlated with gene expression [26, 29, 31, 32], although several researchers have indicated that intragenic methylation might inhibit gene transcription [24]. However, the correlation between gene-body methylation and expression levels in bovine placentas is non-monotonic and the moderately expressed genes show the highest methylation in gene-body [22]. Our data demonstrated that methylation in the gene-body of Tibetan chicken may decrease gene expression. However, methylation in gene-body is just one of the thousands of factors that affect gene transcription. Therefore, further studies centering on the DNA methylation of certain regions that display distinct effect in gene regulation are needed to clarify the complicated epigenetic mechanism underlying high-altitude environments and its relationships with adaptations to hypoxia and high-dose ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude environments. In summary, the present study provides the first comprehensive analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in the blood of highland chicken, and our results can be used for future studies on epigenetic gene regulation in highland chicken. This study contributes to the knowledge on epigenetics in highland animals. References 1. Tirado-Magallanes, R., et al., Whole genome DNA methylation: beyond genes silencing. Oncotarget, 2017. 8(3): p. 5629-5637. 2. Li, S., et al., Genome-wide analysis reveals that exon methylation facilitates its selective usage in the human transcriptome. Brief Bioinform, 2017. 3. Keown, C.L., et al., Allele-specific non-CG DNA methylation marks domains of active chromatin in female mouse brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2017. 4. Daxinger, L. and E. Whitelaw, Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: more questions than answers. Genome Res, 2010. 20(12): p. 1623-8. 5. Chen, Z.J., Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Annu Rev Plant Biol, 2007. 58: p. 377-406. 6. De Prins, S., et al., Influence of ambient air pollution on global DNA methylation in healthy adults: a seasonal follow-up. Environ Int, 2013. 59: p. 418-24. 7. Bollati, V., et al., Changes in DNA methylation patterns in subjects exposed to low-dose benzene. Cancer Res, 2007. 67(3): p. 876-80. 8. Xing, C., et al., Methylation and expression analysis of tumor suppressor genes p15 and p16 in benzene poisoning. Chem Biol Interact, 2010. 184(1-2): p. 306-9. 9. Kim, K.Y., et al., Association of low-dose exposure to persistent organic pollutants with global DNA hypomethylation in healthy Koreans. Environ Health Perspect, 2010. 118(3): p. 370-4. 10. Pilsner, J.R., et al., Influence of prenatal lead exposure on genomic methylation of cord blood DNA. Environ Health Perspect, 2009. 117(9): p. 1466-71. 11. Crews, D., et al., Transgenerational epigenetic imprints on mate preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2007. 104(14): p. 5942-6. 12. Srivastava, S., et al., Association of polymorphisms in angiotensin and aldosterone synthase genes of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system with high-altitude pulmonary edema. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst, 2012. 13(1): p. 155-60. 13. Li, M. and C. Zhao, Study on Tibetan Chicken embryonic adaptability to chronic hypoxia by revealing differential gene expression in heart tissue. Sci China C Life Sci, 2009. 52(3): p. 284-95. 14. Li, R., et al., SOAP2: an improved ultrafast tool for short read alignment. Bioinformatics, 2009. 25(15): p. 1966-7. 15. Turner, T.L., et al., Population resequencing reveals local adaptation of Arabidopsis lyrata to serpentine soils. Nat Genet, 2010. 42(3): p. 260-3. 16. Liu, S., et al., Population genomics reveal recent speciation and rapid evolutionary adaptation in polar bears. Cell, 2014. 157(4): p. 785-94. 17. Li, Q., et al., Genome-wide mapping of DNA methylation in chicken. PLoS One, 2011. 6(5): p. e19428. 18. Hu, Y., et al., Comparison of the genome-wide DNA methylation profiles between fast-growing and slow-growing broilers. PLoS One, 2013. 8(2): p. e56411. 19. Carrillo, J.A., et al., Methylome Analysis in Chickens Immunized with Infectious Laryngotracheitis Vaccine. PLoS One, 2015. 10(6): p. e0100476. 20. Tian, F., et al., DNMT gene expression and methylome in Mareks disease resistant and susceptible chickens prior to and following infection by MDV. Epigenetics, 2013. 8(4): p. 431-44.

Architecture Of The California Missions Essays -- Architecture Essays

The Architectural History of the California Missions (1769-1823) You may already know that there are 21 missions today in the state of California. Starting in San Diego all the way past San Francisco, the missions remind us of an earlier time when the Spanish were colonizing Alta California. The California missions were started because the Spanish king wanted to create permanent settlements in the area of the New World called Alta California. The decision to create Spanish missions in California was political as well as religious. The Spanish government wanted to gain control in California before the Russians did. They also wanted to spread Christianity among the Native Americans (Johnson, page 5). Most of today's missions are active churches, some have held mass non-stop since their founding. Others are part of the California State Park system. All are modern day treasures and a path backwards in time to our beginnings. They have influenced many aspects of our history, and continue to be an important part of our state today. Thousands of peo ple annually visit the Missions and they find its architecture beautiful and interesting. The architecture of the California missions was influenced by many factors like the limitation in the materials, the lack of skilled workers, and the desire of the founding priest to imitate the structure of his Spanish homeland. The first thing they would do in the construction of missions was to find a location. Then they would decide what the position would be so that they would take the best advantage of the sun's position for interior illumination (Baer, page 42). After the position, they would lay out a map describing where everything would be located and constructed; starting from the pr... ...ssion had its purpose, for example; the windows were placed high for a reason not so that they would look nice. They would place them high so that they would allow the most light in and also to protect themselves from future attacks. I only hope that you could learn some of the interesting information that I learned through the reading of my paper, hope you like, BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.) Baer, k. Architecture of the California Missions. Los Angeles, CA: university of California press, 1958. 2.) Camphouse, M. Guidebook to the Missions of California. Los Angeles, CA: Anderson, Ritchie & Simon, 1974. 3.) Egenhoff, E. "Fabrica." California Journal of Mines and Geology. 1952 4.) Johnson, P. The California Missions. Menlo Park, CA: Lane Book Company, 1964. 5.) Newcomb, R. The Franciscan Mission Architecture of Alta California. New York, NY: Dover Publications, Inc, 1973.

Capital Punishment and Catholicism :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Capital Punishment and Catholicism 2 sources cited Among the major nations of the Western world, the United States is singular in still having the death penalty. After a five-year moratorium, from 1972 to 1977, capital punishment was reinstated in the United States courts. Objections to the practice have come from many quarters, including the American Catholic bishops, who have rather consistently opposed the death penalty. The National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1980 published a predominantly negative statement on capital punishment, approved by a majority vote of those present though not by the required two-thirds majority of the entire conference (1). Pope John Paul II has at various times expressed his opposition to the practice, as have other Catholic leaders in Europe. Some Catholics, going beyond the bishops and the Pope, maintain that the death penalty, like abortion and euthanasia, is a violation of the right to life and an unauthorized usurpation by human beings of God's sole lordship over life and death. Did not the Declaration of Independence, they ask, describe the right to life as "unalienable"? While sociological and legal questions inevitably impinge upon any such reflection, I am here addressing the subject as a theologian. At this level the question has to be answered primarily in terms of revelation, as it comes to us through Scripture and tradition, interpreted with the guidance of the ecclesiastical magisterium. In the New Testament the right of the State to put criminals to death seems to be taken for granted. Jesus himself refrains from using violence. He rebukes his disciples for wishing to call down fire from heaven to punish the Samaritans for their lack of hospitality (Luke 9:55). Later he admonishes Peter to put his sword in the scabbard rather than resist arrest (Matthew 26:52). At no point, however, does Jesus deny that the State has authority to exact capital punishment. In his debates with the Pharisees, Jesus cites with approval the apparently harsh commandment, "He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him surely die" (Matthew 15:4; Mark 7:10, referring to Exodus 2l:17; cf. Leviticus 20:9). When Pilate calls attention to his authority to crucify him, Jesus points out that Pilate's power comes to him from above-that is to say, from God (John 19:11).

people of 1970s :: essays research papers

The 1970’s are a decade of finding your self. In this decade, there were scandals, sex, drugs, and rock n’ roll. The years between 1970 and 1979 were very crazy. In this paper are people that helped shape the 1970’s   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Richard Milhous Nixon was born in 1913 in Yorba Linda, California. In 1946, Nixon was persuaded by the republicans to be their candidate, to challenge the democratic congressman, Jerry Voorhis. As a new member of the United States congress, Nixon gained valuable experience in international affairs, as well as serving on the committee that he committed, the â€Å"European Recovery Program†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦aka the Marshal plan. As the president of the United States, Nixon led us into the Vietnam War. It was said to be one of the most important issues that Nixon faced in his term of office. The war had begun in 1959 when communists tried to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. While running for president, Nixon had campaigned against war, saying that he would bring U.S. soldiers back home. However   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutledge 2 The War only seemed to expand. In April of 1970, Nixon authorized the invasion of Cambodia, and the invasion on Laos in 1971. As the second half of the war came around, in 1972, Nixon traveled to Beijing and in May of 1972 he Visited Moscow. On both of these trips, he signed trade agreements with both countries, and a treaty with USSR to limit the deployment of the antiballistic missile systems. By the 1972 election, Nixon and Agnew were looking for re-election. The countries inflation had gone down, and the international position of the U.S. economy had improved greatly. The war was still raging in South Vietnam. At the beginning of Nixon’s second administration, the secret peace meetings resumed between Vietnam and the U.S. Nixon there declared a halt to all bombing, mining and artillery fire in North Vietnam. Nixon’s popularity would only increase with the public’s awareness of the Watergate scandal. By March of 1973, questions were aimed at Nixon about the tr ial of the burglars who had broken into the Democratic National Committee and the Watergate Complex in Washington D.C. These questions also raised questions about Nixon’s knowledge about the activities and his participation of the cover up of the Watergate Scandal.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rutledge 3 In early 1974, a report released by the IRS stated that Nixon owed $432,787 in back taxes for the years 1969 through 1972.

Measurement research paper

There is a saying that efforts of measurement depend on the out come of global teams. The difference between the outcome and the process isn’t so important but only that during research, what is measured depends on the work of the teams.Measurement can be seen as investing in order to make a descion or a desired outcome. But also, there has to be some questions answered like what, when and how to measure. As for when to measure, this depends on the rates and time of team performances, as for how to measure this is based on the instrument going to be used in measuring.The use of measurement includes researching, getting the problem diagonised, training feedback and lastly evaluation in areas of training and selection.  Measurement attributes help in knowing what behaviours to concentrate on and determine. Behaviours examined leads to organizing attributes. These behaviours are usually organised in an allocation of a task.Volume is the space which a liquid occupies in a contai ner. Volume measuring units include gallons, cups, and quarts but there is what we call the systems of metric which include litres and millilitres. The instruments used to collect the units may include measuring cups, cylinders, measuring spoons and beakers. In the case of measuring a liquid volume that is small for example if it is something like medicine (syrup), the best unit of measure to use is milliteres, If it is something which has a little more volume for example sugar in a sugar bowl, then its better to use a cup, but if this volume is actually liquid then it means the right unit of measure is pints. If the liquid is in a large volume then gallons are best to use. The best formula to use while measuring the volume in a bucket may be pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is  Ã‚  Ã‚   pi*2r*hArea is an enclosed dimensional geometric figure spaceThe formula for measuring area in a bucket may be pie multiplied by pi multiplied by 2r (radius) multiplied by h (height) which is pi*2r*hLength is usually the space between the beginning of an object or point to the end. The space in between is what is called length. The distance around the object is called its perimeter. The measurement systems of length include customary units and metric units. And these include centimetres, miles or kilometeres.Lets say you are interested in measuring lengths which are short like the length of your face, then the best to use is centimetres. If you are measuring distances which are long for example from your house till the capital city centre, then the best is kilometres and miles. The best formula to use while measuring the length in a bucket may include 2 multiplied by pi multiplied r(radius) which is 2*pi*rWeight is amount of gravitational force on an object. The devices used to measure weight can include calibrated scale and two arm balance. Weight has customary units of measure and these are pounds. The metric units of measure are kilograms. If on e wants to measure an object which is small or little, the best to use is milligrams, when the object is a bit bigger for example a glass, then the best to use is grams, then if the object is more bigger like if you want to know what your weight is, then the best to use is the kilograms and pounds, above all if the object is very very big like   a big animal like a giraffe, then you are free to use tons and kilograms as your units of measure.REFERENCESNeely, J. (2004). University of Northern Iowa. Retrieved March 14, 2007Pollock, N., & Thompson, S. (1998). University of Richmond. Retrieved March 14, 2007Brannick, M. T., Salas, E., & Prince, C. (Eds.). (1997). Team Performance Assessment and Measurement: Theory, Methods, and Applications. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

The Historical Development of Counselling

1. 1 Explain the historical development of Counselling Counselling and Psychotherapy began in the early 18th century. The shift in how society dealt with mental health issues came about primarily due to the advent of the popularisation of science through the beginning of the industrial revolution. Society became increasingly transient and anonymous and the responsibility for behaviour became from the individual rather than from the community as a whole. In the 1880’s Sigmund Freud developed a theory about the unconscious mind and went on to create psychoanalysis. Many therapists have been influenced by Freud and gone on to develop his theories. Freud collaborated with a number of analysts and set up the Vienna Psychoanalytic society. Notable amongst these is Carl Jung who developed Psychodynamics and focussed on dream analysis. Alfred Adler who’s most famous concept was the inferiority complex and also Otto Rank who was the secretary of the society. B. F Skinner was also influenced by Freud’s work. Skinner rejected the notion of the ‘psyche’ and developed his own theory called ‘radical behaviourism’ which is essentially the science of behaviour. Abraham Maslow developed the theory of a * Hierarchy of Human Needs (1943) Maslow believed that there where a set number of needs which had to be met before the client was able to achieve self actualisation, a term meaning the client reaching their full potential. Carl Rogers was the main proponent of person centred therapy which began in the 1940’s. This approach was Humanistic and saw the client rather than the therapist as the expert of their life. Person centred therapy believes the client holds the answers and has the power of autonomy. The counsellor is there to help facilitate this process by use of the core conditions. This humanistic approach relies less on medical knowledge and training and more on lay analysis. The principles of humanistic medicine are communication, respect and also an emotional connection between counsellor and their client. 1. 2 Explain the philosophical basis of Person Centred Counselling. The basis of the person centred approach is an optimistic outlook of individuals and a belief that people have the ability and inner resources to be able to resolve their own issues and move forward in a positive direction. It believes that all humans are innately social and constructive beings and that we are all motivated to seek the truth. We also directed by our need for self esteem Each individual’s behavior is influenced by how they perceive themselves. We are all trying to develop and be the best that we can be, and this process is guided by internal and external forces. By using the core conditions of Congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy the counsellor is able to develop a therapeutic relationship with the client. This relationship should be based on equality and the counsellor should provide a safe environment in which the client is empowered to explore their self perception and achieve greater self awareness. This self awareness will enable the client to become secure in their self concept and go on to enable them to fulfill their full potential. 1. 3 Explain the key concept principles of Person Centred Counselling The main principles of Person Centred Counselling include a right to autonomy. No advice or guidance should be given by the counsellor as the client has the ability to self actualise and find their own answers. The ability to discover themselves achieves beneficial long term results as the client will learn how to look at their own feelings and actions in the future and become self sustaining. Rogers demonstrates a 7 Stage process of change to attempt to clarify how the client moves forward during the counselling process. At the beginning of the counselling the client will feel defensive and rigid in their thoughts. The will have poor self-awareness and have trouble recognising feelings. As the therapy continues they will undergo a graduate change encompassing the following stages. * Personal Constructs- Conditions thought of as facts and not open to change. * Internal Dialogue. A fear or avoidance of internal conversations and the client is fearful of ‘thinking too much’. * Expression. Client fearful and uncomfortable in expressing themselves * Differentiation and elaboration of experience. Clients start back seeing things in a very black and white manner with no grey areas. This change during the counselling process. * Perception of problems. Clients start off believing it is other people that have the problem but gradually come to terms with their own issues and no longer fear them. * Attitude to change. The client goes from not believing they can or should change to being open to and even relishing the possibility. * Bodily Changes. The client will have less physical symptoms of unhappiness such a headaches, irritability etc. Their feeling of contentment will manifest themselves and a healthier outlook. It needs to be recognised that every client is individual and there is no guarantee how they will go about the therapeutic process. These stages should only be looked as a guide to some of the steps the client may take. 1. 4 Explain how Person Centred Counselling would inform the practice of a qualified trained counsellor By creating a therapeutic environment in which the client feel safe to be entirely honest and open about their thoughts and feelings we can enable the client to be become self actualised and able to find a way to move forward. In order to create this environment we need to offer the client warmth, respect and a safe place where they can openly explore themselves. This offering of unconditional positive regard will enable the client to feel accepted and understood and this will encourage them to practice full self disclosure without any fear of judgement or rejection. The counsellor needs to be aware of the clients anxiety and able to enter the clients own world and develop and understanding of it. Rogers wrote *‘ It (empathy) means temporarily living in his/her life, moving about in it delicately without making judgements, sensing meanings of which he/she is scarcely aware, but not trying to uncover feelings of which this person is totally unaware, since this would be too threatening. This feeling of empathy with what the client is experiencing and ability demonstrate this understanding to the client will build a reassurance within the client that we have a deep emotional awareness of what they are experiencing. In order to achieve these conditions we firstly need to establish congruence. Rogers states ** ‘personal growth is facil itated when the counsellor is what he is, when the relationship with his client is genuine and without â€Å"front† or â€Å"facade† , openly being the feelings and attitudes which at that moment are flowing in him. The counsellor should be able to be genuine and open with their feelings and understanding and be able to demonstrate this transparency to the client during their relationship. 1. 5 Explain how the chosen model influences the understanding of the development of the self concept. The Organismic self is an internal evaluation system we are all born with. It gives us an innate awareness of how to sustain wants and needs. The organismic self has the following traits. * Spontaneous /creative/fluid * self-perpetuated/ regulated self-directing- Knows how to drive forward to goal * self-maintaining- How to keep safe and well * self-enhancing- Knows what gives pleasure * self-replicating This system is defined by Rogers as the internal locus of evaluation and can be defined in the following way: * How you feel about right/wrong- good/bad- what you want/don’t want * This is an image of the ideal self and how you perceive you should think/act *1980 – p142 **Person to Person â€⠀œ p90 As we mature we interact more with other people and our valuing system begins to change. In order to gain approval and acceptance from people around us we adapt our behaviour. The first example of this will usually be as a child trying to please and parent or guardian and may extend to family, friends, colleagues and society as whole as we get older. We develop a self concept which is how we would like to be perceived by others and is based on what we feel we should be like in order to gain love and acceptance. Rogers defines these changes as the external locus of evaluation and is: * Driven by other individuals/society Creates ideal self what how you perceive you should be * Needs approval from others to gain love an acceptance * Conditions of worth- Acting in a certain way to be loved By living with this self concept we can feel lost and conflicted about who we are. Our sense of worth is based on how we perceive other people to be reacting to us and we can develop a reliance on a need to please others in order to value ourselves. Person centred counselling aims to get the client to recognise their own inner feelings and to re-introduce them to their organismic self. By doing this we can hope to achieve wherein the Organismic self and the Self Concept overlap and we are able to live to our full potential. 1. 6 Explain why it is important to have an understanding of a therapeutic model before using its methods and techniques Unless the therapeutic model is used then a counsellor would be unable to work with the core conditions and may be unable to demonstrate congruence, unconditional positive regard and empathy. All these are vital in order for the client to feel comfortable and able to share their innermost thoughts and feelings. It is vital the counsellor and client have an awareness of professional boundaries and the counsellor has sufficient knowledge and insight to ensure the client is not left in an unsafe position. By ensuring the rules are clearly defined and the beginning of the process through the use of a contract the client will be fully aware of what they can expect from the counselling. For example, the client needs to be made aware they will not be receiving advice and they will be expected to find their own answers. The management of the expectations of the client will prevent them from feeling frustration with the counsellor and also give them a greater insight into the therapeutic process. The counsellor needs a full understanding of all the stages of the process of change in order to move the client forward and have awareness when the counselling has reached its natural conclusion. This will enable to the client to move on and not develop and over reliance on the therapy sessions. By ensuring the above conditions are met the counsellor has a solid base in which to begin the counselling and ensure the client has a positive experience.

American Pluralism Essay

Throughout history the United States has had immigrants flock to the united states in hopes of better opportunity. In the eyes of many ,the United States was land of prosperity and opportunity. This dream of becoming successful from nothing was known as the American dream . It built this nation into what it is today, which unfortunately is tainted with many negative aspects. President Clinton once said â€Å" The American Dream that we were all raised on is a simple but powerful one – if you work hard and play by the rules you should be given a chance to go as far your God-given ability will take you. † This coming from a man who was the president . However Clinton has neither â€Å"played by the rules† nor did he work hard. Clinton has made 80 million just off speaking , as well as his breaking the rules, which he is so famous for. Then how was this man, not hardworking and adulterous, become the American dream? Solely because the American dream is a myth, a fixed calculated lie. The American dream is just a notion to distract the less fortunate people that race, gender, and class control how much money you are going to make. A huge factor hinder people from acting out this dream is race. Race is socially constructed concept where groups of people of similar features and cultures are labeled . However races in our country still to this day are not treated as equals. For example, the average salary of a white person is above 45 according to the office personally management while ,a Hispanic is at 36 , black is at 37, and Asian is at 42, all for the similar jobs. However this is for the minorities who make it through the other hardships. For example one of these other hardships is â€Å" the school –to prison pipeline†. It is a foreign idea to most people because of how abstract it sounds. However the difference of funding in students directly affect attitude , dropout rates, and criminals. These students lack resources, qualified teaching, and rigorous advanced classes. Minorities are also punished worse, black children are suspended at least 2. 6 times to whites, thus leading to their 6 times more than whites rates of going to juveniles. In the eyes of an minority, school is a joke or a dream. Consequently there are few legal jobs that pay enough for a living without a high school diploma. This example is perfection under the school –to prison pipeline, giving the wealthy white leverage over minorities. Adding insult to injuries these injustices are replied with white advantages. as detailed in White privilege †White privilege is like an invisible knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports†(McIntosh. 45) In a just and perfect society we would all be equal, however the world we live in is very unequal. Not only is our world not economically equal , but racial either. Throughout America’s history there were an inequality among races. For example as a white person , you can be assured that the color of your skin wont effect the type of college you will be accepted to, as a minority that guarantee doesn’t exist. Thus how is a person of color supposed to make a proper and wealthy life for themselves if that door of education was never opened? This control of education keeps whites as the wealthiest race, and as such becomes a privilege only for them. How can such laws be kept in play if they hinder other races? The answer lies in politics. Due to white privilege, white people can expect to have people of their color to be accurately represented. This gives an huge hand in any legislature that can possibly effect minorities. Even in all these privileges, there’s an negative aspect that becomes paramount in our modern day society. These privileges cause a strenuous tension between races , because of the fabricated superiority that it gives whites over minorities. Hence, this so called â€Å"invisible knapsack† is only invisible to the user , and is in perfect sight of the oppressed. This just adds to the ocean of oppression felt by minorities proving race hinders the completion of the American dream. Male or female, seems like a simple question. However there is a world of connotations that come with such labels. Men and women have these values that are pushed upon them by society, confusing them to who they truly are. This Severely effects people who are confused on who they are ,because these â€Å"transgender† might just people who are just different personality wise. Furthermore it affects you more than mentally but also affects you economically. â€Å" The more economic resources such as education and job opportunities , are available to a group, the more they tend to be monopolized by men†(Lorber 246). The author is stating that women in general are qualified yet underpaid. This is entirely true , through every field of work you see women being paid less for the same or less work. Lorber believes socially that gender is a process of assigning rights and responsibilities. Men and woman see what is â€Å"expected† of them and assume the role is theirs, whether it be fair or not. This contradicts the American dream, because it preaches economic prosperity for all who work for it, and statistically women cannot reach that level. Hence, they hardly attempt to reach that high. How did they get to this point what defined these roles to one another , the answer lies among media. Advertisements, commercials, magazines. We are constantly bombarded with these pictures, voices, and idols . Anyone who looks normal or acts different is assumed to be a joke or outcast. Through these images we show our children how to act and to assign themselves personalities because of what their genetic makeup is. † It is this link with violence that makes the objectification of women more serious issue than with men. † (Kilbourne.263) This violence factor directly correlates with dominance. If you look through photos or magazines you can pick up a specific trend of nudity and pornography. Even more so , there is a constant jab at women , making them â€Å"inferior† With this sort of image growing up why would there be any motivation to be more than in those pictures? What is better than becoming rich? Being born rich is the most logical answer and this is how this 1 percent lives. The majority of this money, the . 1 % is old money. This money has been accumulated for hundreds of years and will be for hundreds more. The correlation of class and achievement of the American dream has been time and time proven. â€Å"Reality 6:All Americans do not have an equal opportunity to succeed. Inheritance laws ensure a greater likelihood of success for the offspring of the wealthy. †(Mantsios. 320) Yet another prime example of what class does for your chances at the American dream. The converse can also be enforced, without class it is a abnormality to live â€Å"the American dream†. The â€Å"American dream† is just something we can strive for but not truly reach. The American dream was known for our idea of Manifest destiny so we killed thousands of Indians because we thought of them as second class citizens. We have supposedly progressed ,transcending racism and sexism into an extinct ideas. However they just exist socially and economically now, just changing its brutality. These issues can’t be stopped through intellectual movements or programs, laws need to be enacted to change these process. These political figures need to stop thinking with their wallets and speak from their people. Without our changing of the law how are we supposed to become a more equal society. We live under a living document called the Constitution, if it promises our pursuit of property, now happiness , why can’t it assist us in the American dream. MLA Work cited page McIntosh, Peggy . White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. IndependentSchool. 1990 Mantsios, Gregory media magic :making class invisible. Rothenberg P. S. , ed. â€Å"Race, Class and Gender in the US† 3d ed. New York: Martins, 1995. Lorber, Judith. â€Å"Night to His Day: The Social Construction of Gender. † Yale University press. Yale college. 1994.

Multicultural Education Essay

The country is becoming a potluck of people coming from different nations. Many of them decided to pursue their studies in the U. S. in the hope of acquiring quality education. Consequently, a dilemma has arisen in this particular field which is caused by cultural and racial diversity. To address this problem, multicultural education emerged. Multicultural education aims to provide equal educational opportunities to all students coming from â€Å"diverse racial, ethnic, social-class, and cultural groups† (â€Å"Multicultural Education†, 1995, n. p. ). One of its main objectives is to aid students to acquire the necessary â€Å"knowledge, attitudes, and skills† in order to perform and function successfully in a free society where various races and cultures are present (â€Å"Multicultural Education†, 1995, n. p. ). Another primary objective of multicultural education is to arm the students with socializing skills that are highly essential for interacting, negotiating, and communicating with individuals from various groups that are culturally, racially and ethnically diverse so as to establish a value-centered community that benefits everyone in it (â€Å"Multicultural Education†, 1995). One of the major problems in multicultural education is the integration of the various cultural backgrounds of different nations in the school curriculum. The various cultural overviews and concepts should be reflected in the curriculum that offers multicultural education. A nation or a school that denies the integration of different aspects of culture into the curriculum is neither demographic nor cohesive, in the sense that the curriculum focuses mainly on one dominant culture and neglect the growing culture of the other students. Thus, diversity and disparity are encouraged by such types of curriculum for enriching one main culture (Banks, 1991). The topic has long been debated since there is a major alteration on the ethnic and cultural fabric of the country. The issue revolves on whether or not the changes in the cultural texture should be extended over the schools’ curricula. It is vital to affirm the adherence of the schools’ curricula to the nation’s racial, ethnic and cultural diversity. At present, most schools in the U. S. are utilizing the multicultural education and integrating cultural education in their curricula such as the Palm Beach County School District which has a separate department for multicultural education (Department of Multicultural Education, 2008). References Banks, J. A. (1991). Curriculum guidelines for multicultural education. National Council for the Social Studies.Retrieved August 15, 2008 from http://www. socialstudies. org/positions/multicultural/. Department of Multicultural Education. (2008, August 21). The School District of Palm Beach County. Retrieved August 22, 2008 from http://www. palmbeach. k12. fl. us/MULTICULTURAL/ Multicultural education. (1995). North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. Retrieved August 15, 2008 from http://www. ncrel. org/sdrs/areas/issues/educatrs/presrvce/pe3lk1. htm.

Persuasion and Influence 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Persuasion and Influence 1 - Assignment Example The second item was a dress for my niece. I had bought the dress because that brand was running a campaign for educating the poor in Africa and 10% of the dress price was to be donated to the cause! Hence, it made me feel good that I am also part of that campaign. The two unplanned purchases had actually upset my weekly budget and as a result, that week, we had to cut down on our regular fruit diet. I realized that because of my irrational decision, my family had to compromise on essential food item. Indeed, consumer behavior is need based which is exploited by marketers (Arnould et al., 2004). Hence, I decided that I would rationalize my buying and stick to list. The perfume that was on offer of the day was actually not so as three weeks back, my friend had also bought the same perfume at same price! Indeed, they are marketing gimmicks that are essentially designed to tempt consumers (Edwin and Douglas, 2008). Thereafter, during my weekly shopping, I would wave my list in front of the salesperson and move forward to complete my shopping. I found this technique to be very